给水工程英文文献翻译.docx

附录己外文文献及其译文外文文献：RemovalofPharmaceuticalsduringDrinkingWaterTreatmentTheeliminationofselectedpharmaceuticals(bezafibrate,clofibricacid,carbamazepine,diclofenac)duringdrinkingwatertreatmentprocesseswasinvestigatedatlabandpilotscaleandinrealwaterworks.Nosignificantremovalofpharmaceuticalswasobservedinbatchexperimentswithsandundernaturalaerobicandanoxicconditions,thusindicatinglowsorptionpropertiesandhighpersistencewithnonadaptedmicroorganisms.TheseresultswereunderscoredbythepresenceofcarbamazepineinbankfiItratedwaterwithanaerobicconditionsinawaterworksarea.Flocculationusingiron(lll)chlorideinlab-scaleexperiments(Jartest)andinvestigationsinwaterworksexhibitednosignificanteliminationoftheselectedtargetpharmaceuticals.However,ozonationwasinsomecasesveryeffectiveineliminatingthesepolarcompounds.Inlabscaleexperiments,0.5mg/Lozonewasshowntoreducetheconcentrationsofdiclofenacandcarbamazepinebymorethan90%,whilebezafibratewaseliminatedby50%witha1.5mg/Lozonedose.Clofibricacidwasstableevenat3mg/Lozone.Underwaterworksconditions,similarremovalefficiencieswereobserved.Inadditiontoozonation,filtrationwithgranularactivatedcarbon(GAC)wasveryeffectiveinremovingpharmaceuticals.Exceptforclofibricacid,GACinpilot-scaleexperimentsandwaterworksprovidedamajoreliminationofthepharmaceuticalsunderinvestigation.IntroductionInGermany,somepharmaceuticalsareusedinquantitiesofmorethan100t/yr(1).Pharmacokineticstudiesexhibitthatanappreciableproportionoftheadministeredpharmaceuticalsareexcretedviafecesandurine(2)andthusarepresentinthedomesticwastewater.Afurthersourceforthecontaminationofwastewaterisassumedtobethedisposalof(expired)medicineviatoilets.However,thisportionisverydifficulttoestimatebecausereliabledataarenotavailable.Afterpassingthroughsewagetreatmentplants(STPs),pharmaceuticalresiduesenterreceivingwaters.Pointdischargesfrompharmaceuticalmanufacturerscanalsocontributetocontaminationofriversandcreeks(3).Firstresultsconcerningenvironmentaloccurrenceofpharma-ceuticalsarereportedbyGarrisonetal.(4)andHigniteandAzarnoff(5),whodetectedclofibricacidinthelowermicrogramsperliterrangeintreatedsewageintheUnitedStates.Furtherstudiesin1981inGreatBritainrevealedthatpharmaceuticalsarepresentinriversupto1ig/L(6).OnIonaIsland(Vancouver,Canada)Rogersetal.(7)identifiedthetwoantiphlogisticsibuprofenandnaproxeninwaste-water.Recentinvestigationsshowedtheexposureofawiderangeofpharmaceuticalsfrommanymedicinalclasses(e.g,betablockers,Sympathomimetics,antiphlogistics,lipidregulators,antiepileptics,antibiotics,vasodilators)toriversandcreeks.ReviewsfromHalling-SOrensenetal.(8),DaughtonandTemes(9),andJOrgensenetal.(10)summarizemostoftheliteratureinthisnewemergingfieldabouttheenviron-mentalrelevanceofpharmaceuticals.Furthermore,Mohleetal.(11),Alderetal.(12),Temesetal.(3),andZuccatoetal.(13)havereportedtheidentificationofpharmaceuticalsintheaquaticenvironment.Contaminationisinfluencedbytherelativeportionsofrawandtreatedwastewater(14)suchthatevensmallriversandcreekscanbehighlycontaminated.Groundwateriscontaminatedwithpharmaceuticalsprimarilybyinfiltrationofsurfacewatercontainingpharmaceuticalresiduesaswellasbyleaksinlandfillsitesandsewerdrains.Becauseofthewidespreadoccurrenceofpharmaceuticalsintheaquaticenvironmentandsometimesalsointherawwaterofwaterworks,afewcasessurfacedwherepharmaceuticalsweredetectedindrinkingwaterinthelowernanogramsperliterrange(15,16).Althoughuptonownoadversehealtheffectscanbeattributedtotheconsumptionofpharmaceuticalsattheselowconcentrationlevels,basedonprecautionaryprinciples,drinkingwatershouldbefreeofsuchanthro-pogeniccontaminants.Currently,fewpapershavebeenpublisheddealingwiththeremovalofpharmaceuticalsindrinkingwatertreatment.Ozonationandespeciallyadvancedoxidationprocessesseemtobeveryeffectiveinremovalofdiclofenac,whileclofibricacidandibuprofenwereoxidizedinlab-scaleexperimentsmainlybyozoneH2O2asshownbyZwienerandFrimmel(17).Hebereretal.(18)exhibitedthatreverseosmosisisappropriatetoremoveavarietyofdifferentpharmaceuticalsfromhighlycontaminatedsurfacewaters.Theobjectiveoftheworkpresentedherewastostudytheefficiencyofdifferenttreatmentstepstoremovetheanti-phlogisticdiclofenac,theantiepilepticcarbamazepine,andthelipidregulatorsclofibricacidandbezafibrateduringdrinkingwatertreatment.Therefore,theprimaryeliminationoftheselectedpharmaceuticalswasinvestigatedunderlaboratory,pilot,andrealwaterworksconditions.Inadditiontoprocessessuchasbankfiltrationandartificialgroundwaterrecharge,widelyusedtechniquesforsurfacewatertreatmentsuchasactivatedcarbonfiltration,ozonation,andfloccula-tionwereinvestigated.ThemonitoringresultsoftwoGermanwaterworksareextendedbylab-andpilot-scaleexperimentstoobtainmoregeneralizedresults.ExperimentalSectionSelectedpharmaceuticals.Foralllab-andpilot-scalespikingexperiments,fourrelevantpharmaceuticals(theantiphlo-gisticdiclofenac,theantiepilepticcarbamazepine,thelipidregulatorsclofibricacidandbezafibrate)havebeenselectedastargetcompounds.TheirmolecularstructuresareshowninTable1.Thesecompoundshavebeenchosen