2023终极八篇第八篇原文+题目.docx

Eversinceitsfirstantitrustlawpassedin1890,Americahasarguedoverwhattrustbustingisfor.Oneschool,namedafterLouisBrandeis,ajudge,holdsthatbigcompaniesmustbetamedbecausetheycorruptpoliticsanddamagecustomers,competitorsandstaff.Theothersaysthegoalofantitrustistoprotectthewelfareofconsumers,whichcanbeenhancedbybig,efficientfirms.Fordecadestheconsumerapproachhasbeenascendant,butnowtheconsensushasfrayedandtrustbustersareheadinginaBrandeisiandirection.Thisisamistake.Competitionpolicyneedsreforms,tocorrectpastfailingsandtoadapttothedigitaleconomy.Yetitshouldcontinuetobebasedontheprinciplethatconsumersarewhatcount.Ashifttowardsmorepoliticisedandexpansiveantitrustistakingplaceacrosstherichworld.Sincethe1990stheEUhastendedtoputconsumers*interestsfirst,butnowitscommissionerwantstoapplyaz,broadernotionz,ofharm.Lawmakerseverywhereareredraftingrulestoconstraintechnologyfirms,evenwhentheirproductsarepopularandfree.OnJanuary20thAmerica*SSenateJudiciaryCommitteeapproved,withbipartisansupport,abillthatwouldbantechgiantsfromusingtheirplatformstofavourtheirownservices.Thenewexpansiveandstridentapproachistempting,butitdidnotworkwellinthepast.Standingupforconsumers,whoarediffuse,doesnotcomenaturallytopoliticianswhotendtoindulgevocalandconcentratedinterests,suchasincumbentfirms,lobbyistsandunions.Beforetheconsumerwelfarestandardemergedinlegaljudgmentsinthe1970sand1980s,America*strustbustingwascapricious.ThechangeishappeningbecausecompetitionpolicyhasfallenshortInAmericatheconsumerwelfarestandardisassociatedwithrulingsthatmakeitdifficultfortrustbusterstowinincourtunlesstheycanmeetabstruselegaltestsprovingthatafirmhasraisedorwillraiseprices.Competitionauthoritieshavelostcasestheyshouldhavewon,suchaswhenSprintandT-Mobilemerged,takingthenumberofmobilenetworksdowntothree.Theauthoritiesbecamegun-shyaboutbringingcases.Betweenthe1990sand2010stheaveragenumberofmergersinvestigatedperyearbytheDepartmentofJusticefellfrom180to70,despitefranticindustryconsolidation.Sleepytrustbustersmissedtheriseofbigtech.Insteadofaimingtoprotecteveryone,openingthedoortoclumsyinterventions,trustbustersshouldreformtheconsumerstandard.Regulatorsandgovernments,especiallyinEurope,mustberealisticabouttheirabilitytoanticipateconsumers*needsandshouldnotpursuefirmspurelybecausetheyhavegrownbigbybeinguseful.ThelargeandfluidtechecosystemsofferedbyAlphabet,Amazon,Appleandothersshowthecomplexityofthetask:theyareinaninnovativephasewithnewservicesbeingcreatedthatarehighlypopularandtheyincreasinglycompetewitheachother.Itwouldbeeasytoerodethequalityoftheirproductswithill-judgedrules.Ql:ItissuggestedinthefirsttwoparagraphsthattrustbustinginAmericaA. MainlyconcentratedonconsumerprotectionB. havefollowedtheBrandeisianapproachCJacksaconsistencyinpolicyorientatioD.IsnotfitfordigitaleconomyQ2:TheprimarygoalfortheexpansivetrustbustingisA. TolimitthegrowthofdigitalplatformsB. Tobetterprotectconsumers/interestsC. TocreatemorefreedigitalproductsD. Tobetterregulatetechgiants1operationsQ3:Consumers,rightswerelargelyoverlookedbefore1970sduetoA. Politicians,prejudiceB. 1.obbyistsfinterventionC. Bigtech,shinderanceD. FlawedwelfaresystemQ4:TrustbustersfreluctancetoinvestigationsofmergersoriginatesfromA. TheirfailuresincasesconcernedB. TheImpracticalityofthelawsconcernedC. ThesoaringpricesofproductsD. TheirsleepinessoverindustryconsolidationQ5:Accordingtothelastparagraph,theauthorholdsthattechfirmsA. DeservesomelooseenvironmentB. ShouldcompetewitheachotherC. ShouldkeepundatingtheirservicesD. Confrontdirectlywithregulators