2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_2.docx

PaSSaHe1WilliamMorrisandtheArts&CraftsMovementConditionsandProductsoftheIndustrialAgeTheArts&Craftsmovementemergedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyinEnglandinreactiontothesocial,moral,andaestheticchaoscreatedbytheIndustrialRevolution.WilliamMorriswasitsfounderandleader.Heabhorredthecheapandcheerfulproductsofmanufacturing,theterribleworkingandlivingconditionsofthepoor;andthelackofguidingmoralprinciplesofthetimes.Morriscalledforafitnessofpurpose,truthtothenatureofthematerialsandmethodsofproduction,andindividualexpressionbybothartistandworker;Thesephilosophicalpointsarestillpivotaltotheexpressionofdesignstyleandpracticetothisday.DesignstylesfromtheArts&Craftsmovementonhaveemphasized,invaryingdegrees,eitherfitnessofpurposeandmaterialintegrit½orindividualexpressionandtheneedforvisualsubjectivity.MorrisbasedhisphilosophyonthewritingsofJohnRuskinzacriticoftheIndustrialAge,andamanwhofeltthatsocietyshouldworktowardpromotingthehappinessandwell-beingofeveryoneofitsmembers,bycreatingaunionofartandlabourintheserviceofsociety.RuskinadmiredthemedievalGothicstyleforthesequalities,aswellastheItalianaestheticofmedievalartbecauseofitsdirectanduncomplicateddepictionofnature.Manyartists,architects,anddesignerswereattractedtoRuskin,sphilosophyandbegantointegratecomponentsofthemintotheirwork.Morris,influencedbyhisupbringinginanagrariancountryside,wasprofoundlymovedbyRuskin,sstanceonfusingworkandcreativity,andbecamedeterminedtofindawaytomakeitarealityforsociety.Thispathbecamehislife,swork.Pre-RaphealiteBrotherhoodMorrismetEdwardBurne-JonesatExeterCollegewhenbothwerestudyingthere.Theybothreadextensivelythemedievalhistory,chronicles,andpoetryavailabletothemandwroteeveryday.Morrispublishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetrywhenhewas24,andcontinuedtowriteandpublishfortherestofhislife.Aftergraduation,MorrisandBurne-Jonestriedafewoccupations,andeventuallydecidedtobecomeartists.BothbecamefollowersofDanteGabrielRossetti,whofoundedthePre-RaphealitebrotherhoodthatwasbasedonmanyofRuskin,sprinciples.Morrisdidnotlastlongasapainter;eventuallyfindinghisdesignvocationwhilecreatingahomeforhimselfandhisnewwife(Rossetti'smuseandmodel).DiscoveringthelackofdesignintegrityinVictorianhomefurnishingsandvariousadditionaldeficienciesinotheraspectsofhomeproducts,hechosetonotonlydesignhishome,butallitsfurniture,tapestries,andstainedglass.Morris&Co.InI860,Morrisestablishedaninteriordesignfirmwithfriendsbasedontheknowledgeandexperienceshehadincraftingandbuildinghishome.Hebegantransformingnotonlythelookofhomeinteriorsbutalsothedesignstudio.HebroughttogethercraftsmenofallkindsundertheumbrellaofhisstudioandbegantoimplementRuskin,sphilosophyofcombiningartandcraft.InMorris'scase,thiswasfocusedonmakingbeautifulobjectsforthehome.ThecraftsmenwereQ囱BIIELTSADVANTAGEencouragedtostudyprinciplesofartanddesign,notjustproduction,sotheycouldreintegratedesignprinciplesintotheproductionoftheirproducts.Theobjectstheycreatedweremadeanddesignedwithanintegrityacraftsmancouldfeelproudofandfindjoyincreating,whiletheeventualownerwouldconsidertheseproductsonparwithworksofart(anexistingexampleistheMorrischair).ThelookoftheworkcomingoutoftheMorrisstudiowasbasedspecificallyonanEnglishmedievalaestheticthattheBritishpubliccouldconnectto.TheEnglishlookanditsintegrityofproductionmadeMorris'sworkverysuccessfulandsoughtafter.Hisorganizationalinnovationsandprincipledapproachgainedattentionwithcraftsmenandartisans,andbecameamodelforanumberofcraftguildsandartsocieties,whicheventuallychangedtheBritishdesignlandscape.WilliamMorrisandtheKelmscottPressMorris'sinterestinwritingneverwanedandmadehimacutelyawareofhowthebookpublishingindustryhadbeennegativelyaffectedbyindustrialization.OneofhismanypursuitsincludedtherevitalizationofthebookformanditsdesigncomponentsthroughtheestablishmentoftheKelmscottPress.Thepresswascreatedin1888afterMorris,inspiredbyalectureaboutmedievalmanuscriptsandincunabulapublications,beganthedesignofhisfirstfont,GoldenzwhichwasbasedontheVenetianromanfacecreatedoriginallybyNicolasJenson.Inhisreinterpretationofthisearlierfont,Morrisstrovetooptimizereadabilitywhileretainingaestheticintegrityintheprocessrevivinginterestinfontdesignofearlierperiods.Morrisusedthisfontinhisfirstbook,TheStoryOfGIitteringPlain,whichheillustrated,printed,andboundathispress.ThedesignapproachofthispublicationandallothersKelmscottproducedinitseightyearswasbasedonrecreatingtheintegratedapproachandbeautyoftheincunabulabooksandmanuscriptsofthemedievalperiod.Allaspectsofthepublicationwereconsideredandcarefullydeterminedtocreateacohesivewhole.Thepressitselfusedhand-operatedmachinery,thepaperwashandmade,andtheillustrations,fonts,andpagedesignwereallcreatedandunifiedbythesamepersontomakethebookacohesive,beautifulobjectofdesign.Morrisdidnotwhollyrejectmechanization,however;asherecognizedtheadvantagesofmechanicalprocess.Heconsidered,redesigned,andimprovedallaspectsofdesignandproductiontoincreasephysicalandaestheticquality.KelmscottPressproducedover18,000volumesintheeightyearsofitsexistenceandinspiredare