2024剑桥雅思讲义Summary_Completion_Questions_Strategy_Practice.docx

IELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionQuestionsStrategyPracticeHowglassesmakepeopledrinkAlcoholisthefifthlargestcontributortoearlydeathinhigh-incomecountriesandtheseventhworldwide.Oneproposedwayofreducingtheamountofalcoholconsumedistoreducethesizeofwineglasses,thoughuntilnowtheevidencesupportingsuchamovehasbeeninconclusiveandoftencontradictory.Wineglasseshaveincreasedinsizealmostseven-foldoverthelast300yearswiththemostmarkedincreasebeingadoublinginsizesince1990.Overthepastthreecenturies,theamountofwineconsumedinEnglandhasmorethanquadrupled,althoughthenumberofwineconsumersstayedconstant.Winesalesinbarsandrestaurantsareeitheroffixedservingsizeswhensoldbytheglass,or-particularlyinrestaurants-soldbythebottleorcarafeforfree-pouringbycustomersorstaff.ApreliminarystudycarriedoutrecentlybyresearchersattheBehaviourandHealthResearchUnit,UniversityofCambridge,suggestedthatservingwineinlargerwineglasses-whilekeepingthemeasurethesame-ledtoasignificantincreaseintheamountofwinesold.Tbprovidearobustestimateoftheeffectsizeofwineglasssizeonsales-aproxyforconsumption-theCambridgeteamdidamega-analysisthatcollatedalloftheirpreviouslypublisheddatasetsfromstudiescarriedoutbetween2015and2018atbarsandrestaurantsinCambridge.Theteamused300-millilitreglassesasthereferencelevelagainstwhichtocomparedifferencesinconsumption.Inrestaurants,whenglasssizewasincreasedto370millilitres,winesalesincreasedby7.3%.Reducingtheglasssizeto250millilitresledtoadropof9.6%,althoughconfidenceintervals(therangeofvalueswithinwhichtheresearcherscanbefairlycertaintheirtruevaluelies)makethisfigureuncertain.Curiously,increasingtheglasssizefurtherto450millilitresmadenodifferencecomparedtousing300-millilitreglasses."Pouringwinefromabottleoracarafe,ashappensformostwinesoldinrestaurants,allowspeopletopourmorethanastandardservingsize,andthiseffectmayincreasewiththesizeoftheglassandthebottle,"explainedfirstauthorDrMarkPilling."Iftheselargerportionsarestillperceivedtobe,aglass*,thenwewouldexpectpeopletobuyandconsumemorewinewithlargerglasses.Asglasssizesof300millilitresand370millilitresarecommonlyusedinrestaurantsandbars,drinkersmaynothavenoticedthedifferenceandstillassumedtheywerepouringastandardIELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionQuestionsStrategyPracticeserving.Whensmallerglasssizesof250millilitresareavailable,theymayalsoappearsimilarto300mlglassesbutresultinasmalleramountofwinebeingpoured.Incontrast,verylargeglasses,suchasthe450-millilitreglasses,aremoreobviouslylarger,sodrinkersmayhavetakenconsciousmeasurestoreducehowmuchtheydrink,suchasdrinkingmoreslowlyorpouringwithgreatercaution.Theresearchersalsofoundsimilarinternalpatternstothosereportedinpreviousstudies,namelylowersalesofwineonwarmerdaysandmuchhighersalesonFridaysandSaturdaysthanonMondays.Theresearchersfoundnosignificantdifferencesinwinesalesbyglasssizeinbars-incontrasttotheteam'searlierstudy.Thisshowstheimportanceofreplicatingresearchtoincreaseourabilitytodetecttheeffectsofwineglasssize.Whencombinedwithdatafromotherexperiments,theapparenteffectinbarsdisappeared.*lfweareseriousabouttacklingthenegativeeffectsofdrinkingalcohol,thenwewillneedtounderstandthefactorsthatinfluencehowmuchweconsume,addedseniorauthorProfessorDameTheresaMarteau.uGivenourfindings,regulatingwineglasssizeisoneoptionthatmightbeconsideredforinclusioninlocallicensingregulationsforreducingdrinkingoutsidethehome.ProfessorAshleyAdamson,DirectoroftheNIHRSchoolofPublicHealthResearch,said:uWeallliketothinkwe'reimmunetosubtleinfluencesonourbehaviour-likethesizeofawineglass-butresearchlikethisclearlyshowswe'renot.Thisimportantworkhelpsusunderstandhowthesmall,everydaydetailsofourlivesaffectourbehavioursandsoourhealth.Evidencelikethiscanshapepoliciesthatwouldmakeiteasierforeveryonetobeabithealthierwithoutevenhavingtothinkaboutit.”CliveHenn,SeniorAlcoholAdvisoratPublicHealthEngland,agovernmentbody,welcomedthereport:uThisinterestingstudysuggestsanewalcoholpolicyapproachbylookingathowthesizeofwineglassesmayinfluencehowmuchwedrink.Itshowshowourdrinkingenvironmentcanimpactonthewaywedrinkandhelpustounderstandhowtodevelopadrinkingenvironmentwhichhelpsustodrinkless.nAdaptedfrom:https:WWW.cam.ac.uk/research/news/wine-qlass-size-may-influence-how-much-you-drink-in-restaurantsBlIELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionQuestionsStrategyPracticeQuestions1-10Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.Drinkingalcoholisoneofthetoptencausesof1worldwide,andareductioninconsumptionmightbebroughtaboutbyadecreaseinthesizeofwineglasses,whichhas2significantlyinrecenttimes.Ithasbeenfoundthatincreasingglasssizecanleadtoagreaterquantityof3A4wascarriedoutbyresearcherswhichbroughttogethermanypiecesofresearchfromovera3-yearperiod,anditwasfoundthatwhileincreasingthesizeofaglassledtoanincreaseinwinesales,usingglasseswithavolumeof5producedadecreaseinsales.Onepeculiarfindingwasthatusing450-millilitreglassesdoesnotleadtoanincreaseinconsumption,andthishasbeenexplainedbyoneoftheresearc