2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_5.docx

IELTSADVANTAGEIELTSAdvantagePracticeReadingTest5PaSSaHe1DISCOVERYOFTHETRUESOLARSYSTEMTYCHOBRAHEKEPLERA-Duringtheperiodoftheintellectualandaestheticrevival,atthebeginningofthesixteenthcenturyzthe“spiritoftheage“wasfosteredbytheinventionofprinting,bythedownfalloftheByzantineEmpire,andthescatteringofGreekfugitives,carryingthetreasuresofliteraturethroughWesternEurope,bytheworksofRaphaelandMichelangelozbytheReformation,andbytheextensionoftheknownworldthroughthevoyagesofSpaniardsandPortuguese.Duringthatperiodtherecametothefrontthefounderofaccurateobservationalastronomy.TychoBrahe,aDanezbornin1546ofnobleparents,wasthemostdistinguished,diligent,andaccurateobserveroftheheavenssincethedaysofHipparchus,lz700yearsbefore.Tychowasdevotedentirelytohissciencefromchildhood,andtheoppositionofhisparentsonlystimulatedhiminhiseffortstoovercomedifficulties.Hesoongraspedthehopelessnessoftheolddeductivemethodsofreasoning,anddecidedthatnotheoriesoughttobeindulgedinuntilpreparationshadbeenmadebytheaccumulationofaccurateobservations.Wemayclaimforhimthetitleoffounderoftheinductivemethod.B-HestudiedinGermany,butKingFrederickofDenmark,appreciatinghisgreattalents,invitedhimtocarryouthislife'sworkinthatcountry.HegrantedtohimtheislandofHveenzgavehimapension,andmadehimacanonoftheCathedralofRoskilde.Onthatisland,TychoBrahebuiltthesplendidobservatorywhichhecalledUraniborgzand,later;asecondoneforhisassistantsandstudents,calledStjerneborg.Thesehefittedupwiththemostperfectinstruments,andneverlostachanceofaddingtohisstockofcarefulobservations.C-Theaccountofalltheseinstrumentsandobservations,printedathisownpressontheisland,waspublishedbyTychoBrahehimsetandtheadmirableandnumerousengravingsbearwitnesstotheexcellenceofdesignandthestabilityofhisinstruments.Hismechanicalskillwasgreat,andinhisworkmanshiphewassatisfiedwithnothingbutthebest.Herecognisedtheimportanceofrigidityintheinstruments,and,whereasthesehadgenerallybeenmadeofwood,hedesignedtheminmetal.HisinstrumentsincludedarmillaelikethosewhichhadbeenusedinAlexandria,andotherarmillaedesignedbyhimselfsextants,muralquadrants,largecelestialglobesandvariousinstrumentsforspecialpurposes.HeinventedthemethodOfsubdividingthedegreesonthearcofaninstrumentbytransversalssomewhatinthewaythatPedroNunezhadproposed.D-Heoriginatedthetruesystemofobservationandreductionofobservations,recognisingthefactthatthebestinstrumentintheworldisnotperfect;andwitheachofhisinstruments,hesettoworktofindouttheerrorsofgraduationandtheerrorsofmounting,thenecessarycorrectionbeingappliedtoeachobservation.Whenhewantedtopointhisinstrumentexactlytoastarhewasconfrontedwithpreciselythesamedifficultyasismetingunneryandrifle-shooting.Thesightsandtheobjectaimedatcannotbeinfocustogether;andagreatdealdependsontheformofsight.TychoBraheinvented,andappliedtothepointersofhisinstruments,anaperture-sightofvariablearea,liketheirisdiaphragmusednowinphotography.Thisenabledhimtogetthebestresultwithstarsofdifferentbrightness.Thisnotonlyremovesthedifficultyoffocusingbutmakestheminimumvisibleanglesmaller.Helmholtzhasdefinedtheminimumanglemeasurablewiththenakedeyeasbeingoneminuteofarc.Inviewofthis,itissimplymarvellousthat,whenthepositionsofTycho,sstandardstarsarecomparedwiththebestmoderncatalogues,hisprobableerrorinrightascensionisonly±24”,1,andindeclinationonly±25”,9.E-Clocksofasorthadbeenmade,butTychoBrahefoundthemsounreliablethatheseldomusedthem,andmanyofhisposition-measurementsweremadebymeasuringtheangulardistancesfromknownstars.Takingintoconsiderationtheabsenceofeitheratelescopeoraclock,andreadinghisaccountofthelabourhebestoweduponeachobservation,wemustallagreethatKepler;whoinheritedtheseobservations,wasjustified,undertheconditionsthenexisting,indeclaringthattherewasnohopeofanyoneeverimprovinguponthem.F-Intheyear1572zonNovemberllthzTychodiscoveredinCassiopeiaanewstarofgreatbrilliance,andcontinuedtoobserveituntiltheendofJanuary1573.Soincredibletohimwassuchaneventthatherefusedtobelievehisowneyesuntilhegototherstoconfirmwhathesaw.HemadeaccurateobservationsofitsdistancefromthenineprincipalstarsinCasseiopeia,andprovedthatithadnomeasurableparallax.Laterheemployedthesamemethodwiththecometsof1577z1580,1582,1585z1590z1593,and1596zandprovedthattheytoohadnomeasurableparallaxandmustbeverydistant.Source:HISTORYOFASTRONOMYBYGEORGEFORBESIELTSADVANTAGEQuestions1-4ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfrompassage1foreachanswer.1. InwhichfielddidTychobecomeanexpert?2. WhatnamehavewegiventhewayinwhichTychoproposedwestudyobjects?3. InwhichmaterialdidTychoprefertoconstructhisimplements?4. Onwhichcomponentofhisdevicesdidheaddanaperture-sightofvariablearea?Questions5-9Passage1haseightsectionslabelledA-FChoosethecorrectheadingsforSectionsB-F.ListofHeadingsi. Undiscoveredtechnologyii. Improvingtheaccuracyofinstrumentsiii. Immeasurableobjectsiv. Tycho'sinvolvementinthegunindustryv. Backgroundandearlylifevi. Educationvii. Allowingforinaccuraciesinfindingsviii. Incorporationofclocksandtelescopesi×.PatronageE.g.SectionA-v5. S