母猪的营养1.ppt
Nutrition of the Sow母母 猪猪 的的 营营 养养母猪的饲喂母猪的饲喂 Feeding Sows确定母猪饲喂水平和营养需要的根据是确定母猪饲喂水平和营养需要的根据是：The feeding levels and nutrient requirements of sows should be determined by:妊娠期：妊娠期：母猪体重和目标增重母猪体重和目标增重In Gestation:sow weight+target weight gain泌乳期：泌乳期：母猪体重和泌乳量母猪体重和泌乳量In Lactation:sow weight+milk yield数据越全面，母猪能量和营养需要量就确定得越准确数据越全面，母猪能量和营养需要量就确定得越准确The more data available,the better the estimate of the sows energy and nutrient requirements.A suggested feeding program for replacement gilts to 115kg liveweight后备母猪到后备母猪到115千克体重的饲喂方案千克体重的饲喂方案2.46Avg 平均平均3.25.50.60.6514.02.9090-1153.25.55.65.7515.52.7575-903.25.65.75.8517.02.550-753.25.7.801.0519.51.725-50Mcal DE/kg消化能消化能(千卡千卡/千克千克)Phosphorus磷磷Calcium钙钙Lysine赖氨酸赖氨酸Protein蛋白质蛋白质Feed/d(kg)日采食日采食(千克千克)Wt.(kg)体重体重(千克千克)Common targets for replacement gilts后备母猪通常的体况标准后备母猪通常的体况标准 Gilts selected on farm at 145 155 days weight 95 to 105 kg 11 to 13 mm P2 backfat 小母猪小母猪到达繁殖猪场时到达繁殖猪场时应为应为145-155日龄日龄,届时体重应为届时体重应为95-105千克，千克，P2背膘厚应背膘厚应为为11-13毫米毫米 For gilts younger than 145 days of age and/or with less than 14 mm P2 backfat at 110 to 115 kg(final selection)对于对于145日龄时体重小于日龄时体重小于 110-115千克体重或背膘厚千克体重或背膘厚小于小于14毫米的小母猪毫米的小母猪(最后选育时最后选育时)Feed a fat enhancing diet until the gilts have 16 t0 17 mm P2应饲喂脂肪强化日粮直到应饲喂脂肪强化日粮直到P2背膘厚达到背膘厚达到16-17毫米毫米Gilt Diets-After selection(115 kg to service)选择后的小母猪日粮选择后的小母猪日粮(115千克体重到配种千克体重到配种).75.70Phosphorus(%)磷磷(%).85.80Calcium(%)钙钙(%).55.65Lysine(%)赖氨酸赖氨酸(%)13.514.5Protein(%)蛋白质蛋白质(%)3.453.25Mcal DE/kg消化能消化能(千卡千卡/千克千克)14 mmBackfat(P2)P2背膘厚背膘厚Fat Enhancing脂肪强化日粮脂肪强化日粮Gilt Developer发育期日粮发育期日粮The effects of age at breeding on longevity and performance2357 records,L42 PIC sows(Alberta Pig Company2000)PIC42系母猪系母猪,2357份记录份记录2313039490782083#animals 母猪头数母猪头数2.83.33.64.04.04.0Removed parity 淘汰时已产窝数淘汰时已产窝数34.037.841.244.843.341.5Total liveborn/lifetime终终生活产仔数生活产仔数12.011.5311.3510.9510.8210.25Total liveborn/litter终终生平均窝产活仔数生平均窝产活仔数82.546.6453528.825.7Entry to conception(d)入群至受胎天数入群至受胎天数296268238209183158Ave service age(d)平平均首配日龄均首配日龄217215197176160141Entry age(d)入群日龄入群日龄286-350255-285226-255196-225166-195135-165Range in service age(d)首配日龄范围首配日龄范围首配日龄对利用年限和性能的影响首配日龄对利用年限和性能的影响Holder et al.1995.175939%farrowing 5 litters 产产5胎比例胎比例.028.120.8WSI 断奶至配种天数断奶至配种天数NS8.58.5#Weaned 窝断奶仔数窝断奶仔数NS14.314.1Ovulation rate 排卵率排卵率.04144158Age at puberty(d)初情日龄初情日龄PEarly早成熟早成熟Control对照对照Performance of early and late maturing gilts早成熟和晚成熟小母猪的性能早成熟和晚成熟小母猪的性能When to breed?何时配种何时配种?Our recommendation 我们的建议我们的建议 Preferred age/weight at breeding 配种时适宜的日龄和体重配种时适宜的日龄和体重 190 days 大于大于190日龄日龄 120 to 130 kg 体重体重120-130千克千克 16 to 18 mm P2 backfat P2背膘厚背膘厚16-18毫米毫米 second estrus 第二情期第二情期Performance Goals 性能目标性能目标40Annual replacement rate%年更新率年更新率5Lifetime litters 一生所产窝数一生所产窝数10.8First litter size(total born)头胎窝产仔数头胎窝产仔数(总数总数)90%cycling within 28d of entry入群后入群后28天内开始发情的比例天内开始发情的比例200 230 dMean age at first mating首配平均日龄首配平均日龄170 180 dMean age at puberty 初情平均日龄初情平均日龄150 160 dAge at start of puberty stimulation开始初情诱导时的日龄开始初情诱导时的日龄妊娠期妊娠期Gestation1010.210.410.610.81111.211.411.611.81212345678910Wean to service(d)Number born alive6065707580859095100Farrowing rate(%)断奶到配种间隔天数断奶到配种间隔天数窝产活仔数窝产活仔数分娩率分娩率(%)目标是，各胎次母猪分娩时的目标是，各胎次母猪分娩时的P2背背膘厚都应为膘厚都应为18-20毫米毫米(用超声波背膘测试仪检测用超声波背膘测试仪检测)Aim for 18-20 mm P2 backfat for all parity sows at farrowing,measured with ultrasonic backfat tester.妊妊娠娠期期采采食食量量对对母母猪猪生生产产率率的的影影响响母猪体增重母猪体增重(千克千克)窝产仔数窝产仔数仔猪初生重仔猪初生重(千克千克)日采食量日采食量(千克千克)正常范围正常范围妊妊娠娠期期蛋蛋白白质质摄摄入入量量对对母母猪猪生生产产率率的的影影响响母猪体增重母猪体增重(千克千克)窝产仔数窝产仔数仔猪初生重仔猪初生重(千克千克)正常范围正常范围日粮粗蛋白日粮粗蛋白(%)妊娠母猪饲料需要量妊娠母猪饲料需要量(0-100天天)Feed requirements for gestating sows(d 0-d 100)2.42.62.72.82.9200-225 V.Heavy 很重很重2.32.42.52.62.7175-200Heavy 重重2.12.22.32.42.5150-175Medium 中中1.92.12.22.32.4115-150Light 轻轻 17-1815-1613-1411-1210 Breeding Backfat P2(mm)配种时配种时P2背膘厚背膘厚(毫米毫米)Breeding weight(kg)配种时体重配种时体重(千克)日粮含蛋白质日粮含蛋白质13.5%；赖氨酸；赖氨酸0.55；代谢能；代谢能3兆卡兆卡/千克千克Diet contains 13.5%protein,0.55%lysine 3 Mcal ME/kg妊娠后期的饲喂方式妊娠后期的饲喂方式Pattern of Feeding Late Gestation从妊娠从妊娠90天到分娩期间，每天的标准饲天到分娩期间，每天的标准饲喂水平必须增加喂水平必须增加1.0-1.5千克以预防动千克以预防动用体脂用体脂.Standard feeding levels must be increased by 1.0 to 1.5 kg feed per day from d 90 of gestation until farrowing to prevent mobilization of body fat.胎儿和胎儿和胎膜的胎膜的重量重量(克克)受胎后天数受胎后天数泌乳期泌乳期 LACTATION最大限度增加采食量最大限度增加采食量maximize feed intakes泌乳期采食量对泌乳量和母猪失重的影响泌乳期采食量对泌乳量和母猪失重的影响摘自摘自：Whittemore,1984母猪泌乳期失重母猪泌乳期失重(千克千克)日泌乳量日泌乳量(千克千克)日采食量日采食量(千克千克)许多母猪都不能摄入足够的能量和养分许多母猪都不能摄入足够的能量和养分以满足自身的需要以满足自身的需要Many sows do not consume sufficient energy and/or nutrients to meet their requirements 后果后果 Consequence 失重过多会导致泌乳量和繁殖性能降低失重过多会导致泌乳量和繁殖性能降低,并提并提早被淘汰。早被淘汰。Excessive weight loss,which may lead to reduced milk yield,poor reproductive performance and early culling from the herd.泌乳期采食量对繁殖性能的影响泌乳期采食量对繁殖性能的影响Effect of feed intake during lactation on reproductive performance2.967.281.4Embryo Survival胚胎存活率胚胎存活率0.917.216.4Ovulation Rate排卵率排卵率4.265.584.5Pregnancy Rate%妊娠率妊娠率(%)1.89.05.1Days to Estrus断奶到发情天数断奶到发情天数9293Sows 母猪数母猪数SEM标准误标准误Restricted限饲限饲Ad Libitum自由采食自由采食University
