托福作文写作范文详解eas.docx

托福作文写作范文详解ReadingCarvedstoneballsareacurioustypeofartifactfoundatanumberoflocationsinScotland.TheydatefromthelateNeolithicperiod,around4,000yearsago.Theyareroundinshape;theywerecarvedfromseveraltypesofstone;mostareabout70mmindiameter;andmanyareornamentedtosomedegree.Archaeologistsdonotagreeabouttheirpurposeandmeaning,butthereareseveraltheories.Onetheoryisthatthecarvedstoneballswereweaponsusedinhuntingorfighting.Someofthestoneballshavebeenfoundwithholesinthemzandmanyhavegroovesonthesurface.Itispossiblethatacordwasstrungthroughtheholesorlaidinthegroovesaroundtheball.Holdingthestoneballsattheendofthecordwouldhaveallowedapersontoswingitaroundorthrowit.Asecondtheoryisthatthecarvedstoneballswereusedaspartofaprimitivesystemofweightsandmeasures.Thefactthattheyaresonearlyuniforminsize-at70mmindiameter-suggeststhattheballswereinterchangeableandrepresentedsomestandardunitofmeasure.Theycouldhavebeenusedasstandardweightstomeasurequantitiesofgrainorotherfoodroranythingthatneededtobemeasuredbyweightonabalanceorscaleforthepurposeoftrade.Athirdtheoryisthatthecarvedstoneballsservedasocialpurposeasopposedtoapracticalorutilitarianone.Thisviewissupportedbythefactthatmanystoneballshaveelaboratedesigns.Theelaboratecarvingsuggeststhatthestonesmayhavemarkedtheimportantsocialstatusoftheirowners.Listening:Nowlistentopartofalectureonthetopicyoujustreadabout.(Femaleprofessor)Noneofthethreetheoriespresentedinthereadingpassageareveryconvincing.Firstzthestoneballsashuntingweapons,commonNeolithicweaponssuchasarrowheadsandhandaxesgenerallyshowsignsofwear,soweshouldexpectthatifthestoneballshadbeenusedasweaponsforhuntingoffighting,theyztoozwouldshowsignsofthatuse.Manyofthestoneballswouldbecrackedorhavepiecesbrokenoff.However,thesurfacesoftheballsaregenerallywellpreserved,showinglittleornowearordamage.Second,thecarvedstoneballsmayberemarkablyuniforminsize,buttheirmassesvarytooconsiderablytohavebeenusedasuniformweights.Thisisbecausethestoneballsweremadewithdifferenttypesofstoneincludingsandstone,greenstoneandquartzite.Eachtypeofstonehasadifferentdensity.SometypesofstoneareheavierthanOthersjustasahandfuloffeathersweightlessthanahandfulofrocks.Twoballsofthesamesizearedifferentweightsdependingonthetypeofstonetheyaremadeof.Therefore,theballscouldnothavebeenusedasaprimitiveweighingsystem.Third,itsunlikelythatthemainpurposeoftheballswasassomekindofsocialmarker.Acoupleoffactsareinconsistentwiththistheory.Foronething,whilesomeoftheballsarecarvedwithintricatepatterns,manyothershavemarkingsthatareextremelysimple,toosimpletomaketheballslooklikestatussymbols.Furthermore,weknowthatinNeolithicBritain,whensomeonedied,particularlyahigh-rankingperson,theywereusuallyburiedwiththeirpossessions.However,noneofthecarvedstoneballshavebeenactuallyfoundintombsorgraves.Thatmakesitunlikelythattheballswerepersonalpossessionsthatmarkedaperson'sstatuswithinthecommunity.SummarizethepointsmadeintheIecturezbeingsuretoexplainhowtheychallengedthespecifictheoriespresentedinthereadingpassage.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassage1. Thereareseveraltheoriesaboutthepurposeandmeaningofcarvedstoneballs.2. First,thecarvedstoneballswereweaponsusedinhuntingorfighting.3. Second,theywereusedaspartofaprimitivesystemofweightsandmeasures.4. Third,theyservedasocialpurposeasopposedtoapracticalorutilitarianone.Lecture1. Noneofthetheoriespresentedinthereadingpassageareveryconvincing.2. Thesurfacesoftheballsareverywellpreserved,showingnosignofwearordamage.However,commonNeolithicweaponsgenerallyshowsignsofwear.3. Theballsmaybeuniforminsize,butconsiderablydifferentinweight.Sotheycannotbeusedtoweighthings.4. Manycarvingaretoosimpletomakethemlooklikestatussymbols.Also,noneofthestoneswerefoundingraves,wherepeoplewithhighsocialstatuskepttheirpersonalpossessions.二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Theauthorinthereadingpassageexploresthreemajorfunctionsofthecarvedstoneballs.However,inthelecture,theprofessorrespectivelycontradictsallhisassertionsbyusingthreespecificpointsassupports.此段功能首段概括了阅读文本中的基本内容，同时提出了演讲者对此的反对意见,言简意赅，为下文论述做好铺垫。此段结构此段为并列结构，分别陈述了文章和演讲中的两方不同观点。Paragraph2Firstzeventhoughthereadingpassagesuggeststhatthestoneballswereweaponsbecauseoftheholesandgroovesontheirsurface,theprofessorarguesthatthestoneballsdidnotshowsignsofusezwhichmeanstheyareneithercrackednorbrokenandthuscouldnothavebeenusedasweapons.此段功能指出文章第一个观点，即因为这些石球表面分布有孔和槽,所以是武器。而演讲中驳斥到这些石球并没有破损所以说明它并没有被当做武器使用过。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第一个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。Paragraph3Second,despitethestatementinthereadingpassagethatthestoneballswereusedasprimitiveweighingsystemduetotheiruniformsize,theprofessorcontendsthattheirmassesvarytooconsiderablyfromeachotherbecausedifferentstonesaremadeofdifferentproductsevenifthesizesarethesame.Therefore,theballscouldnotfunctionasweighingsystem.此段功能指出文章第二个观点，即这些石球大小统一，是原始的称量体系。而演讲中驳斥到这些石球虽然大小统一但是材质不一，所以重量相差很大，无法作为称量体系。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第二个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。Paragraph4Third,theauthorassertsthatthestoneballsservedasocialpurposeowingtotheirelaboratedesignswhiletheprofessorprovest