代理问题与企业理论(中英)—by-laowen.docx
AgencyProb1.emsandtheTheorj1oftheFirm代理问题与企业理论MEsThkpaper<1.1.enpUt<>CXPkainh<»uthetpara1.iun<»fMec1.Iri1.yoncrhipu>dc>n1.r<>1.Qypic1.1.argeUorPOnHi1.HVScunbem11HIicientormoeconomicoraniMti<n.本文试图说明证券全邮物和限制权的分别时干好济刑税可能及疗效形式的机理,尤大对于大出企业而才,WcmsetasidethepresumptionthataEPOm沁nhasowM11*inanymcaningfu1.scnsc.我们西先拍开企业在任何总义下确定有金邮者的假定.Thcen1.reprcuxtxa1.sohidIDIts1.a1.kas1.1.<wI1.iePUrPogofIhe1.arge11M×Je11CUrPora1.沁此砒定仃企业家的仪定也可以放在一边,至少对大41现代企业而;儿的CTheIwnfi1.in115UMia1.1.yattribmedIotheentrepreneurmanagementandrivkbv;iringan?Irented11tu111.1.ycpa11tfcfxrtoniwithintbexc1.ofCan1.31、Ca1.kdafiim.通常认为认为企业家只有花理和IQ冷也力这四种职提.而这四种职传通常被行仲是企业的分别的要泰ThcGrniisdi、CIPh1.1.edby><pcti1.i<MifromotherIinmwhichkve%Ibeevo1.u1.iunofdevicesAwCf1.kicn1.1.ymonitoringtheperformanceoftheentire1.cama11<iofi(sindiv汕疝members.企业总是有亲臼外部企业的党争.这就不淅变使时干祭个团队和企业内部个人成员的表现监件机制不断逆步IndiVidUMPaniCipan否inthefirm,andinparticu1.ari½managers,faceboththediscip1.ineandoppo11unidcsprovidedbythemarketsfortheir¼ervkes.bothwithinandCUni加thefirm.企业的个人参加#.特殊是对于管理将而,:,在企业内部和外都都沟嘤正视市场为他们的服务供血的准则和机0Economistshave1.ongbeenconcernedwiththeincentiveprob1.emsthatarisewhendecisionmakingina11rmis(he11)vieofmanagerswhoarenot(hefirm'sSeCU由yho1.ders.长期以来,经济学家就始终特别关注由一些不是企业证券持有者的核心管理拧进行企业决策所产生的激励问鹿,Oncoutcomehasbeenthedeve1.opmentof,behavioraand*managcriatheoriesofthefirmwhichrejectthec1.assica1.mode1.ofanentrepreneur,orowner-manager,whosing1.c-mindcd1.yoperatesthefinntomaximizeprofits,infavoroftheoriesthatfocusmoreonhemotiva(MinsofamanagerWbocontro1.sbutdocsno<ownandwhohas1.itt1.eresemb1.ancetothec1.assica1.,*cco11omicman.*结果导致了企业行为理论和管理理论的发展.这些理论楸弃了古典模型中一个追求利润破大化的企业浜或者企业一全部省的假定,而费问集中探讨限制企业但不拥有企业的管理者这和古典理性人假定有很大的不同)的激的问题。EXanIPICjiofthisappnMcharcBaunw1.(1959),Sirnon(1959hCyertandMarch(1963).andWi1.1.iamson(1964).jn鲍英尔(1959)、西蒙(1959)、粕尔特和马奇(1963)、威朦姆森(1964).Morerecent1.ythe1.iteraturehasmovedtowardtheoriesthatrejectthec1.assica1.mode1.ofthefirmbu1.assumeC1.giCa1.formsofeconomicbehivioronIhepartofagentswihinIhefinn.AiiS»关于企业代理者何甥,经济文献场向于榔弃古典企业模型而接受古典的经济行为的他定。Tbcfirmisviewedasasetofcontractsamongfactor;ofproduction.Witheachfactormotivatedbyitsse1.f-interest企业被Ii做是关于生产要累的系列契约.这些要素都是受籽自身利前最大化的激励.BccauscofitsenphaxionIheimpotanceofrightsin(heo喀anizaiionesab1.ishedbycontracis,(his1.iteratureischaracterizedundertherubric,propcrtyrights."W为强调契约f定的组次内权利的垂婪性.因此这些文献都出现在"产权理论”的标遨下OAkhEnandDcmsctz(1972)andJcnscnandMcck1.ing(1976)Smibebesiexamp1.d及好的例子是阿尔奇安和(S叫塞茨1972、杰奇和梅克林(1976).Theantecedentsof1.beirWOrkareinC<Xise(1937,I960).这些文帙的先第是科斯(1976).ThCstrikinginsightUfAkrhianandDernse1.z(1972)andJEynandMeck1.ing(1976)i、inviewingthefirmasammofcontractsamongfactorsofproduction.阿尔奇安和t姆塞茨(1972)、杰森和t克林(1976)将企业看作是在生产要索之间的,系列契约InefTecirhefirmisViewedasagmwhosemembersactfromse1.f-interesthuerea1.ize(hatIheirdesiintesdeeitosomeextenton(heSUrViVaIoftheteaminitsComPCtitionwithotherteams,结果,企业被肾做一个团队,在该团队内的成员都是追求白身利益蚊大化但是部曲识到大自身的命运在某种程度上取决于企业。火他企业竞争的胜利状况CThisinsight,however,isnotcarriedfarenough.然而,这种见解还不够Inthec1.assica1.(heory,(heagentwhopersonifies(hefirmisthee11(reneurwhoistakentobebothmanagerandresidua1.riskbarer,在古典模型中,代理人是企业的化身,担当看管珂齐和刎余东取并的双十fU色A1.thoughhistit1.eSOmC1.imU«changes-forexamp1.e.AkhianandDcnuctzca1.1.him"theemp1.oyer*'<hcentrepreneurcontinuestop1.ayacentra1.rokinthefirmoftheproperty-rights1.iterature.尽管称呼常渐变换例如阿尔奇安和色姆塞茨将我称呼为“雇主”,但是在产权文献中,企业家在企业中担当着核心的角色OAsaconsequence,this1.iteraturefai1.stoexp1.ain(he1.argemodemCOrPOrdtiOninwhichcontro1.oftheHnnisinthehandsofmanagerswhoarcmoreor1.essseparatefrom(hefirmssecurityhoi加n.结果,这些文献并不健锁说明现代大型企业的状况,现代大型企业的限制权在管理者手中,这些管理者取本和企业的证券持有者是独立的。Themainthesisofthispaperisthatseparationofsecurityownershipandcontro1.canbeexp1.ainedasanefficientform<feconomicorganizationwithinthe“seiofcontracts“perspective.本文的主要观点是,证券的限制权和全部权的分别可说明为经济组织的种有效形式,Wefirstseiask1.e(he1.ypk41.presumptionIha1.;icorporationinownersinanymeaningfu1.sense,我们忖先Wi开企业在任何意义下确定有全部者的假定<Theat1.n1.ivcconceptoftheentrepreneurisa1.so1.aidtorest,at1.eastforthepurposesofthe1.argen<dcrcorporation.定仃企出家的假定也可以放在,边.至少对大型现代企业而言是的.Instead,theIWOfunctionsusua1.1.yattributedtotheenrervneur,managennandriskhearing,aretreatedasnaura1.1.ySePara陀faccorwithintheseiofComrae1.Sca1.1.edaAnn.通常认为认为企业家具有常理和风险担当这两种职能,而这两种职能咐常被看做是企业的分别的要素QThCfirmisdiscip1.inedbycompetitionfromotheriir11s.whichforcestheevo1.utionofdevicesforcff1.cicn1.ymonitoringtheperformanceoftheentireteamandofitsindividua1.members.企业总是有来自外部企业的竞争,这就不断促使对于整个团队和企业内就个人成员的表现瞌珞机制不断进步,Individua1.participantsinthefirm,andinparticu1.aritsmanagers,faceboththediscip1.ineandopportunitiesprovidedbythemarketsfortheirservices,bothwithinandoutsidethefirm.企业的个人参加者.特殊足时于管理拧而吉在企业内部和外部都须要正视市场为他们的服务供院的盛则和机会.I.,heIrre1.evanceoftheConceptofOwnershipoftheEirm企业金”权震会的不相关性(企业全21加费产金峥的不相关住)ToSe1.aframeworkfor1.>eana1.ysis,1.e<usfitsdescribero1.esf<rmanage11cntandriskbearinginthesetofcontractsca1.1.edafirm.为了建立分析柢架我仰首先描述被称为企业的,系列契约中的管理和承受风险的角色.Managementisatypeof1.aborb