澳大利亚国家概况英文版.docx

F1.YTOAUWITHMECONTENT1 Federation11.1 Coverment21.2 Nationa1.Anthem22 Geography33 C1.imate44 History错误!未定义书签。5 Economy56 Cu1.cture76.1 Arts76.2 Media87 Sports98 Symbo1.9!FederationTheCommonwea1.thofAustra1.iawasformedin1901whensixindependentBritishco1.oniesagreedtojointogetherandbecomestatesofanewnation.Thebirthofthenationisoftenreferredtoas'federation'.ThisisbecausetheConstitutionereateda'federa1.'systemofgovernment.Underafedera1.system,powersaredividedbetweenacentra1.governmentandindividua1.states.InAustra1.ia,powerwasdividedbetweentheAustra1.ianGovernmentandthesixstategovernments.Austra1.iahassixstates:NewSouthWa1.es(NSW),Queens1.and(Q1.D),SouthAustra1.ia(SA),Tasmania(TAS),Victoria(VIC)andWesternAustra1.ia(WA)一andtwomajormain1.andterritories一theAustra1.ianCapita1.Territory(ACT)andtheNorthernTerritory(NT).1.1 CovermentAustra1.iaisaconstitutiona1.monarchywithafedera1.divisionofpowers.Itusesapar1.iamentarysystemofgovernmentwithQueenE1.izabethIIatitsapexastheQueenofAustra1.ia,aro1.ethatisdistinctfromherpositionasmonarchoftheOtherCommonwea1.threa1.ms.TheQueenresidesintheUnitedKingdom,andsheisrepresentedbyherviceroysinAustra1.ia(theGovernor-Genera1.atthefedera1.1.eve1.andbytheGovernorsatthestate1.eve1.),whobyconventionactontheadviceofherministers.SupremeexecutiveauthorityisvestedbyIheConstitutionofAustra1.iainthesovereign,butthepowertoexerciseitisconferredbytheConstitutionspecifica1.1.yontheGovernor-Genera1.Themostnotab1.eexercisetodateoftheGovernor-Genera1.'sreservepowersoutsidethePrimeMinister'srequestwasthedismissa1.oftheWhit1.amGovernmentintheconstitutiona1.crisisof1975.Thefedera1.governmentisseparatedintothreebranches: The1.egis1.ature:thebicamera1.Par1.iament,definedinsection1oftheconstitutionascomprisingtheQueen(representedbytheGovernor-Genera1.),theSenate,andtheHouseofRepresentatives; Theexecutive:theFedera1.ExecutiveCounci1.,inpracticetheGovernor-Genera1.asadvisedbythePrimeMinisterandMinistersofState; Thejudiciary:theHighCourtofAustra1.iaandotherfedera1.courts,WhosejudgesareappointedbytheGovernor-Genera1.onadviceoftheCounci1.Par1.iamentHouse,Canberra1.2 Nationa1.Anthem4AdvanceAustra1.iaFair,isthenationa1.anthemofAustra1.ia.Arevisedversionofa1.atenineteenthcenturypatrioticsong,itwasofficia1.1.ydec1.aredthenationa1.anthemon19Apri1.1984.PeterDoddsMcComickAustra1.iansa1.1.1.etusrejoice,Forweareyoungandfree;We,vego1.densoi1.andwea1.thfortoi1.,Ourhomeisgirtbysea;Our1.andaboundsinnature'sgiftsOfbeautyrichandrare;Inhistory'spage,1.eteverystageAdvanceAustra1.iaFair.Injoyfu1.strainsthen1.etussing,AdvanceAustra1.iaFair.BeneathourradiantSouthernCross,We'1.1.toi1.withheartsandhands;TomakethisCommonwea1.thofoursRenownedofa1.1.the1.ands;Forthosewho,vecomeacrosstheseasWe'vebound1.essp1.ainstoshare;WbineToAdvanceAustra1.iaFair.Injoyfu1.strainsthen1.etussing,AdvanceAustra1.iaFair.2GeographyAustra1.iaisacountrycomprisingthemain1.andoftheAustra1.iancontinent,theis1.andofTasmania,andnumeroussma1.1.eris1.ands.Neighbouringcountriesinc1.ude1.ndonesia,EastTimorandPapuaNewGuineatothenorth;theSo1.omonIs1.andsandVanuatutothenorth-east;andNewZea1.andtothesouth-east.Austra1.ia's1.andmassof7,617,930squareki1.ometres(2,941,300sqmi)isontheIndo-Austra1.ianP1.ate.SurroundedbytheIndianandPacificoceans,itisseparatedfromAsiabytheArafuraandTimorseas,andtheTasmanSea1.yingbetweenAustra1.iaandNewZea1.and.Thewor1.d'ssma1.1.estcontinentandsixth1.argestcountrybytota1.area.Austra1.iaowingtoitssizeandiso1.ationisoftendubbedthe11is1.andcontinent",andisSometimesconsideredthewor1.d's1.argestis1.and.Austra1.iahas34,218ki1.ometres(21,262mi)ofcoast1.ine(exc1.udinga1.1.offshoreis1.ands),andc1.aimsanextensiveExc1.usiveEconomicZoneof8,148,250squareki1.ometres(3,146,060sqmi).Thisexc1.usiveeconomiczonedoesnotinc1.udetheAustra1.ianAntarcticTerritory.Exc1.udingMacquarieIs1.and,Austra1.ia1.iesbetween1.atitudes9oand44oS,and1.ongitudes112oand154oE.TheGreatBarrierReef,thewor1.d's1.argestcora1.reef,1.iesashortdistanceoffthenorth-eastcoastandextendsforover2,000ki1.ometres(1,240mi).MountAugustus,c1.aimedtobethewor1.d,s1.argestmono1.ith,is1.ocatedinWesternAustra1.ia.At2,228metres(7,310ft),MountKosciuszkoontheGreatDividingRangeisthehighestmountainontheAustra1.ianmain1.and.Austra1.ia'ssizegivesitawidevarietyof1.andscapes,withtropica1.rainforestsinthenorth-east,mountainrangesinthesouth-east,south-westandeast,anddrydesertinthecentre.Itisthef1.attestcontinent,withtheo1.destand1.eastferti1.esoi1.s;desertorsemi-arid1.andcommon1.yknownastheoutbackmakesupbyfarthe1.argestportionof1.and.Thedriestinhabitedcontinent,on1.yitssouth-eastandsouth-westcornershaveatemperatec1.imate.Thepopu1.ationdensity,2.8inhabitantspersquareki1.ometre,isamongthe1.owestinthewor1.d,a1.thougha1.argeproportionofthepopu1.ation1.ivesa1.ongthetemperatesouth-easterncoast1.ine.3C1.imateThec1.imateofAustra1.iaissignificant1.yinf1.uencedbyoceancurrents,inc1.udingthe1