《演讲的艺术（第十三版）》教学资源--教师用书Chapter_8_Beginning_and_Ending_the_Speech.docx

Chapter8Beginningandendingthespeech(教师用书持包更新中SectionOne:ChapterTeachingGuidePARTONE:TEACHINGOBJECTIVES在学完这一章后，学生应该能够I 讲识演讲开篇港的四个构成部分. 了解演讲开头引起听众兴趣的七种方法. 认识演讲结束语的主要作用. 掌握发挥演讲结束语作用的方法,PARTTWO:TEACHINGSUGGESTIONSI.演讲开篇语(TheIntrOdUCtiOn)A知识概述在大多数情况下，演讲的开篇语要达到四个目的：(I)引起观众注意和兴趣；(2与听众建立良好的默契：3)建立佑誉度：(4)预告演讲要点.引起听众的注量和兴趣(GetAttentionandInterest)一殷说来，引起听众的注意和兴趣比较容易，而要保持听众的注意力和兴趣要难一些下面的几种方法可以使演讲的开篇语引人入胜：关联听众.阐明演讲话题的重要性.凝妙听众、激发听众的好奇心、向听众提问、使用引音以及讲述故事.关联听众(ReIatetheTopictotheAudierKe)股来说，人们对宜接影响到他们的事物更为关注。如果你能把话题与听众关联起来，会使听众更为关注你的话即。比如，位演讲者使用下面这种方式带听众融入到有关春晚的演讲内容中.OneveryNewYear,sEve,youmaysitforhoursthroughtheSpringFestivalGalarapplaudingsomeactsandlettingripatothers.Then,likemostoftheChinesetelevisionviewers,youmayspendthenextcoupleofdaysexchangingviewswithfamilyandfriendsonthebestandv/orstactorsoractsoftheshow.Afterthat,youillbeginv/aitinginanticipationforthenextyearzsGalanight.Tosatisfyyourneedformoreinvolvementintheevent,theorganizersoftheupcomingGalahavecreatedanopportunitytoallowviewerslikeyoutovotefortalentedbutlesser-knownperformersandentertainersthatyouwishtoseeinthebgshow.M99MKft(StatetheImportanceofYourTopic)：你可能会认为自己的话JS很武要,但你要向听众阐明你话胚!的笫要性”比尔盖茨在他关于大流行病的TED演讲中就使用了这种方法，一上来指出目前人类最大的威胁不是核战争，而是病诉，WhenIwasakid,thedisasterWeworriedaboutmostWaSanuclearwar.That'swywehadabarrellikethisdowninourbasement,filledwithcansoffoodandwater.Whenthenuclearattackcame,weweresupposedtogodownstairs,hunkerdown,andeatoutofthatbarrel.Todaythegreatestriskofglobalcatastrophedoesn'tlooklikethis.Instead,itlookslikethis.Ifanythingkillsover10millionpeopleinthenextfewdecades,it'smostlikelytobeahighlyinfectiousvirusratherthanawar.Notmissiles,butmicrobes.腰,听众(StartletheAudience),使用令人很惊或意想不到的话谙朱霆搜听众是迅速引起听众兴般的有效方法。下面这位演讲者的开篇语就令人真携，Acoldbloodedkilleratlargeismercilesslytakingthelivesofyounggirlsaroundtheworld.Inrecentyearsanumberoffashionmodelshavefallenvictimstothemurderer.Thisevildoerisnootherthaneatingdisorders,themostfatalmentalillnessamongyoungwomen.Scientificstudiesshowthatthemortalityrateassociatedwithanorexianervosa(神经性厌食症monlyknownaseatingdisorders,is12timeshigherthanthedeathrateofallcausesofdeathforfemales15-24yearsold.20%ofpeoplesufferingfromanorexiawillprematurelydiefromcomplicationsrelatedtotheireatingdisorder,includingsuicideandheartproblems.这个方法很有效，也很容易使用。但必须注意演讲者用来族携听众的话感要与演讲的话跑一致.如果演讲者只是为了箧搏听众而选用了与话题亳不相干的开篇谙,那只会让听众感到困感,甚至恼火.激发听众的好奇心(ArousetheCuriosityoftheAudience)t人们都仃好奇心，所以为使你的演讲开篇谙引人入胜,你可以用一系列的充满悬念的句子来吊起听众的目例如：Canyouimaginelivinginacountrywherelifeexpectancyis41yearsformenand44forwomen?Inthiscountry,GDPpercapitaislessthan$100,and100billion-dollarbillsareonlygoodenoughtobuyafeweggs.Beforeitscurrencywastakenoutofcirculationin2009,priceskeptdoublingevery1.1dayszmeaningthatifanapplecost1dollaronMonday,itwouldcost64dollarsonSunday;inamonth,thesameapplewouldcostover1billiondollars.Whilethehealthconditionofitspopulationisstilldeteriorating,threeofthefourlargesthospitalsandthecoutry,sonlymedicalschoolwereshutdownin2009.ThesearesomeshockingfactsaboutZimbabwe,thepoorestcountryintheworld.如果这个演讲者平铺史叙地说mTodayIamgoingtoinformyouabouttheissueofpovertyinZimbabwe,就会让人感到十分乏味提问听众(QUeStiOntheAUdience)向听众提问是另一种引起听众注意的方式，有时挑一个问题就足够例如：DoyouthinktheShaolinTempleshouldbecommercialized?WhyaresomeChineseconsumerssokeenonbuyingforeignluxurybrands?有时常要问一系列的问即,逐步接近演讲的主题，例如：Areyouanoutdoorsytypeofperson?Doyouloveadventures?Haveyouevertraveledinwildareaswithunfamiliarandroughterrain?使用引盲(BeginwithaQuotation)使用名人名言也是引起听众注注的方法之一比如.一位演讲者引用了唐朝诗人张九龄的名句“海上生明月,天涯共此时”来引起听众的注意和兴趣,并且引入中秋传统佳节的话题.“Overtheseathemoonshinesbright;wegazeatitfar,farapart.*ThisfamousquotationfromaTangpoemneatlyencapsulatestheculturalmeaningofthetraditionalChineseMidAutumnFestival.TheMid-AutumnFestivalhasitsorigininthecustomofworshippingthemooninancientChina.Itisanoccasionwhenpeopleappreciatethebeautyofthefullsilvermoonwhiledrinkingwineandthinkingoflovedoneswhoarefarawayfromhome.济述故事(TellaStory)t所有人都以欢听故事，如果演讲开场有一个动听行趣的故事,就可以有效地引起听众的注意挑战在于故事需婺和演讲主题密切相关.同时讲故事的方式也衢要比较生动,例如下而这个演讲的开头：ThejobofuncoveringtheglobalfoodwastescandalstartedformewhenIwasISyearsold.Iboughtsomepigs.IwaslivinginSussex.AndIstartedtofeedtheminthemosttraditionalandenvironmentallyfriendlyway.Iwenttomyschoolkitchen,andIsaid,"Givemethescrapsthatmyschoolfriendshaveturnedtheirnosesupat."Iwenttothelocalbakerandtooktheirstalebread.Iwenttothelocalgreengrocer,andIwenttoafarmerwhowasthrowingawaypotatoesbecausetheywerethewrongshapeorsizeforsupermarkets.Thiswasgreat.Mypigsturnedthatfoodwasteintodeliciouspork.IsoldthatporktomySChOOlfriends'parents,andImadeagoodpocketmoneyadditiontomyteenageallowance.ButInoticedthatmostofthefoodthatIwasgivingmypigswasinfactfitforhumanconsumption,andthatIwasonlyscratchingthesurface,andthatrightthewayupthefoodsupplychain,Insupermarkets,greengrocers,bakers,inourhomes,infactoriesandfarms,wewerehemorrhagingoutfd.与听众建立良好的默契(CreateaPositiveRelationshipwiththeAudience)在获得听众的注意和共勘的基础上演讲者还需要与听众电立良好的默契。在理到有