世界银行-全球价值链对发展中国家的妇女友好吗？：来自企业级数据的证据（英）.docx

Pzo三n<alnsoosQo-qndPolicyResearchWorkingPaper10667reGlobalValueChainsWomenFriendlyinDevelopingCountries?EvidencefromFirm-1.evelDatapzuoln<alnsoosQ9-qnC1.MarizeKallinyChahirZaki¾WOR1.DBANKGROUP*T7MiddleEastandNorthAfricaRegionOfficeoftheChiefEconomistJanuary2024PolicyResearchWorkingPaper10667AbstractDespitetheeffortsmadetoincreasewomen'sinclusionintheeconomy,theyarestillunderrepresentedintradeingeneralandinglobalvaluechainsinparticular.Thus,(hispaperaimsatexaminingtheimpactofglobalvaluechainsonwomen'stradeparticipationasentrepreneursandemployees.Italsoanalyzeshowthiseffectismoderatedthroughexternal(genderprovisionsintradeagreements)andinternal(investmentclimatevariables)factors.Theanalysisusesfirm-leveldatafor154developingeconomiesandemergingmarketswithaspecialfocusontheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregion,beingoneoftheregionswiththelowestfemalelaborforceparticipation.Themainfindingsshowthatglobalvaluechainsintegrationincreasesthelikelihoodofbeingafemaleownerandtheshareoffemaleemployees,especiallyproductionones.Alessrobustnegativeeffectisfoundibrtheimpactonbeingafemaletopmanager.Theseeffectsaremoderatedbytheinclusionofgenderprovisionsintradeagreementsandbythecharacter-isticsoftheinvestmentclimate(especiallytaxpolicy,accesstofinance,andcorruption).Theseresultsremainrobustaftercontrollingfortheendogeneityofglobalvaluechainsusinganinstrumentalvariableapproachandapropensityscoreestimationmethodwherethetreatmentisbeingpartofaglobalvaluechains.Thus,globalvaluechainscanbeperceivedasatoolthatboostswomen,sempowermentinemergingeconomics,especiallyintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregion.ThispaperisaproductoftheOfficeoftheChiefEconomist,MiddleEastandNorthAfricaRegion.ItispartofalargereffortbytheWorldBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodevelopmentpolicydiscussionsaroundtheworld.PolicyResearchWorkingPapersarealsopostedontheWebathttp:/www.worldbank.org/prwp.Theauthorsmaybecontactedatchahir.zakifeps.edu.eg.hePolicyResearchWorkingPaperSeriesdissenibiatesthefifuimgsofw)rkinprogresstoencourageheexchangeofideasObOMldevelopmentissues.An(objectiveoftheseriesistogetthefitdingsoutquickly,evenifthepresentatiofisareIexsthanfullypolished.Thepaperscarrythenamesoftheauthorsandshouldbecitedaccordingly.Tliefindings,UUerpreUitions.amiconclusionsexpressedinthisIMlPerareentirelythoseofthewup,.TheydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheImemaiionalBankforReconsinciionandDevelopniefuZWorldBankanditsaffiliatedorganizations,orthoseoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldHankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.Producedby(heResearchSupportTeamAreGlobalValueChainsWomenFriendlyinDevelopingCountries?EvidencefromFirm-1.evelDataTheauthorsgratefullyacknowledgethefinancialandanalyticalsupportfromtheOfficeoftheChiefEconomistfortheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica(MNACE)undertheregional1.aborandGenderResearchPrograms(TT1.s:NellyElmallakhandNazmulChaudhury).Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareentirelythoseoftheauthors.TheydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDeveIopmentAVorIdBankanditsaffiliatedorganizations,orthoseoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheauthorsaregratefultoMhamedBenSaleh,EnricoMarvasiandtheanonymousrefereesforconstructivefeedback.MarizeKallinyPhDCandidateatUniversityClermontAuvergne,CNRS.IRD,CERDI,F-63000Clermont-Ferrand,France.Assistant1.ecturerofEconomics,FacultyofEconomicsandPoliticalScience-CairoUniversity(onleave).Email:marize.kalliny(feps.edu.egChahirZakiChairedProfessorofEconomics,UniversityofOrldansand1.abord,Economicd,Orlcans,EconomicResearchForumandEMANES.Email:chahir.zaki()univ-orleans.frJE1.Classification:F12,F16,F23,J16Keywords:GlobalValueChains,Gender,Empowerment,Firm-level,MENA1. IntroductionWomenhavealwaysplayedasignificantandpivotalroleintheeconomythroughtheirremarkablepresenceinbusiness,agriculture,industryandeventhroughtheirunpaidcarework.Despitetheeffortsmadetoincreasewomen,sinclusionintheeconomy,around2.4billionwomendonothaveaccesstoequaleconomicopportunitiesasmenaccordingtotheWorldBank,sWomen,Businessandthe1.awreport(2022).Furthermore,basedonareportpublishedonwomenbytheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),womenperform66%oftheworld,swork,produce50%ofthefood,butearnonly10%oftheincome.Inaddition,differentstagesoftheproductionprocessareincreasinglybeingfragmentedacrossdifferentcountriesthroughglobalvaluechains(GVCs),especiallyinemergingeconomies.Forthisreason,thisstudyattemptstoassesstheimpactofGVCsonwomen,sempowermentininternationaltrade.Indeed,inrecentyears,theworldhaswitnessedagrowinginterestintheimpactofglobalizationoneconomicpatternsingeneralandgenderequalityinparticular.AsignificantfocushasbeenonthegenderimpactofGVCsastheyhaveproventheirpowertogenerateemployment,drivedevelopment,andincreaseincome.Thesevaluechainscanhelpwomenbyprovidingmoreincomethatcansupporttheireconomicempowermentbutcanalsodowngradethemtopoorlypaid