跨文化交际-复习资料.docx

1、文化：cultureItisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.TheCharacteristicsofCulture:1.earnedstransmittedSubjecttochangeunconscious>integrated>symbolic>adaptive.2、跨文化交际：iIiterculturalcommunicationInterculturalcommunicationmeansthecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Itiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.3、高语境文化：High-ContextCultureslnferinformationfrommessagecontext,ratherthanfromcontent.©Preferindirectness,politenessandambiguity.COnVeylittleinformationexplicitly.©Relyheavilyonnonverbalsigns.4、价值观：ValuesAstandardbywhichmembersofculturedefinewhatisdesirableorundesirablegoodorbad>beautifulorugly>acceptableorunacceptable.Valuesarestandardssetbythemembersofasociety.Valuesareoftenhighlycontexted.Valuescanchangesignificantlyovertime.Valuescandifferwithinonesocietyandaroundtheworld.5、言语交际：verbalcommunication:Itreferstoanyformofcommunicationthatisdirectlydependentontheuseoflanguage.非言语交际：NonverbalcommunicationItwillbedefinedastheprocessbywhichnonverbalbehaviorsareused,eithersinglyorincombinationwithverbalbehaviors,intheexchangeandinterpretationofmessageswithinagivensituationorcontext.6、本地化：LocalizationTheprocessofadaptingaproductorservicetoaparticularlanguage,culture,anddesiredlocal“look-and-feel.,Aspectstobeconsideredinlocalization:Language>TimezonesMoney>NationalholidaysLocalcolorsensitivities>Productorservicenames>Genderroles>Geographicexamples、Advertisements7、刻板印象：StereotypesAfixedgeneralimage,characteristic,etc.thatalotofpeoplebelievetorepresentaparticulartypeofpersonorthing.Stereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.Itisfoundinnearlyeveryinterculturalsituation.Thereasonforthepervasivenatureofstereotypesisthathumanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify.8、文化休克：CulturalshockItiscausedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.9、符号:SymbolAperson,anobject,anevent,etc.thatrepresentsamoregeneralqualityorsituation.1、猫头鹰的故事：©ThisisbecauseChineseandEnglishnativespeakersassigndifferentassociativemeaningstothesamebird一owl.OWlinChinaisthesignofbadluck.Themeresightofanowlorthesoundofthecreature'shootingisenoughtocausepeopletodrawbackinfear.ButinEnglishitisassociatedwithwisdom.Inchildren'sbooksandcartoons,wheneverthereisadisputeamongbirdsorbeasts,itistheowlthatactsasjudge.Thetermdogelicitsdifferentfeelingsinthesetwocultures.InChinagow(dog)oftenhasderogativemeanings,suchas狼心狗肺.ButinWestisconsideredthebestfriendofman,whichiswellestablishedintheircultures.Sothefeeldisgustedateatingdogmeat.Long(龙)isasymboloftheemperorinancientChina.IthasbeenalmightytousChinese.TodaylongisoftenidentifiedwithChinaorChinese.ButtotheEnglishspeakingpeople,theChineselonghasbeenrenderedinEnglishas“dragon”.Dragonisafire-spittingmonster,cruelandfiercethatdestroysandthereforemustbedestroyed.(三)InChinese,松、柏、鹤、桃standforlongevity.InEnglish,theyarejustplants.2、气泡空间：©Thisisbecauseeachpersonhasa“bubble“ofspace(territory).StudiesshowthatpeoplefromSouthAmerica,Arabcountries,andmanyAsiancountrieshaveasmallerpersonalterritorythandoNorthAmericans,BritishandGennans.InMexicanandArabcultures,physicaldistancebetweenpeoplewhenengagedinconversationisveryclose.Inordertofeelcomfortablewhiletalking,whattheMexicandoesistomovecloser,whilewhattheNorthAmericandoesistostepbackalittle.(2)InWesterncounties,personalterritoryishighlyvalued.Eachonehashis/herownspaceathomeorinofficewhichshouldnotbeinvaded.Inpublicplaces,theyhave4temporaryterritory,notbeintrudeduponeither.(3)Asisinthecaseofhumanbehavior,theuseofspaceisdirectlylinkedtothevaluesystemofdifferentcultures.TheAmericanswhoseculturestressesindividualismgenerallydemandmorespacethandopeoplefromCollectivisticculturesandtendtotakeanactive,aggressivestancewhentheirspaceisviolated.3、家庭第一：©OneofthereasonthatAnniecouldnotunderstandRosaisthis:：inAmericanculture,thenuclearfamilyismuchmoreimportanttotheindividualthantheextendedfamily.MostAmericansfeellittleresponsibilitytowardtheirsecondcousins,andmayneverevenhavemetthem.Therefore,AnniewasconfusedbecauseRosaputsomucheffortintohelping*jusf,asecondcousin.BUtinRosa,sculturethereisnotsuchabigdifferencebetweennuclearandextendedfamilyresponsibilities.Insomecountries,theextendedfamilyisthemainfinancialandemotionalsupportforpeopleintimesofcrisis.However,thisisnotsofarmostAmericans,whorelymoreonfriends,institutions,andprofessionals.©Anotherreasonistheirpossessionofdifferentculturalvalues.Rosafeltthatttfamilycomesfirst,whichmeansthatherownneedscomesecond.Anniehadahardtimeunderstandingthatpointofviewbecauseinherculturetheindividualusuallycomesfirst.IntheUnitedStatesthepersonwhocanimakeitonhisown“withouthelpfromfamilyisrespected,althoughofcoursemanypeopl